{"id":478,"date":"2026-02-14T05:00:53","date_gmt":"2026-02-14T05:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/?p=478"},"modified":"2025-12-25T12:00:39","modified_gmt":"2025-12-25T12:00:39","slug":"478","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/?p=478","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"float: left; margin-right: 10px;\" src=\"https:\/\/i.ibb.co\/F4LcQ9cL\/Emile-Durkheim-intihar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"237\" \/>Emile Durkheim\u2019\u0131n &#8220;\u0130ntihar&#8221; isimli eseri ilk olarak 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l toplumbilimcileri aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olan, toplumbilimin me\u015fru varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan ve intihar olgusunu inceleyen bir ba\u015fyap\u0131tt\u0131r. Eserin en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fc, y\u00fcz y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcre ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen h\u00e2l\u00e2 a\u015f\u0131labilmi\u015f bir kuram sunmas\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nEserin analizi ve ele\u015ftirisi, Durkheim&#8217;\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ve metodolojisi \u00fczerinden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde yap\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Eserin Temel Tezleri ve G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Yanlar\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\nDurkheim, inceleme konusu olarak ilk bak\u0131\u015fta tamam\u0131yla bireysel bir davran\u0131\u015f bozuklu\u011fu say\u0131labilecek olan intihar\u0131 se\u00e7erek, iki temel amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi hedeflemi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. Toplumsal Olguyu Kan\u0131tlama:<\/strong> Eser, &#8220;insan olaylar\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal y\u00f6nleri vard\u0131r&#8221; ve &#8220;toplumsal olgular\u0131n etkenleri de ancak toplumsal nitelikte etkenler olabilir&#8221; g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc vurgulayarak, intihar gibi bireysel g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir olay\u0131n bile &#8220;toplumsal etkenleri&#8221; bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu, toplumbilimin bilimler d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki yerini me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. Toplumsal \u0130ntihar Oran\u0131:<\/strong> Durkheim, her toplumun kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fck toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler olmad\u0131k\u00e7a &#8220;dura\u011fan kalan bir toplumsal intihar oran\u0131&#8221; bulundu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Bu, intihar\u0131n bireylerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir toplumsal olgu oldu\u011funun kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3. Birey D\u0131\u015f\u0131 Etkenlerin Reddi:<\/strong> Durkheim, intihar\u0131 ak\u0131l hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0131rk, kal\u0131t\u0131m, iklim ve yans\u0131lama (taklit) gibi o zamana kadar \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bireysel ve toplumd\u0131\u015f\u0131 etkenlerle a\u00e7\u0131klayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri tek tek incelemi\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n yetersizli\u011fini kan\u0131tlayarak, geriye tek etken olarak toplumu b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4. \u0130ntihar T\u00fcrlerinin Tipolojisi:<\/strong> Durkheim, intihar oran\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen toplumsal etkenleri inceleyerek \u00fc\u00e7 ana intihar t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Bencil \u0130ntihar (suicides \u00e9go\u00efstes): Bireyin toplumsal \u00e7evresiyle yeterince b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmemesi sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bireycili\u011fin de\u011ferli g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Protestanl\u0131kta intihar oran\u0131n\u0131n Katoliklikten daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Elcil \u0130ntihar (suicides altruistes): Bireyin toplumsal grupla a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesi sonucu olu\u015fur. Bu durumda birey ya\u015fam\u0131 geleneklerle kat\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Kurals\u0131zl\u0131k \u0130ntihar\u0131 (suicides anomiques): Birey davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda uyulacak kural ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerin bulunmamas\u0131ndan (d\u00fczensizlikten) kaynaklan\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zellikle &#8220;k\u00f6r piyasa ekonomisi&#8221; gibi kurals\u0131z ortamlarla ili\u015fkilidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Ele\u015ftirel Yakla\u015f\u0131m ve S\u0131n\u0131rlamalar<\/strong><br \/>\nEserin ele\u015ftirel de\u011ferlendirilmesi, Durkheim&#8217;\u0131n teorik kapsam\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 ve sonraki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da i\u00e7ermelidir:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. Metodolojik Terminolojinin Ba\u011flamsal S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Durkheim&#8217;\u0131n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 gere\u011fince &#8220;yasa&#8221; dedi\u011fi \u015feyin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde &#8220;genelleme&#8221; ya da &#8220;olas\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ili\u015fki&#8221; olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bu, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n kesinlik derecesi konusunda dikkatli olmay\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. Veri G\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi Sorunu:<\/strong> Ele\u015ftirmenler, intihar incelemesi yapman\u0131n zorluklar\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. \u0130ntihar olaylar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131ran istatistiklerin g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi zay\u0131ft\u0131r ve bir\u00e7ok intihar olay\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle (yak\u0131nlarca) ba\u015fka \u00f6l\u00fcm olaylar\u0131 gibi bildirilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3. Mikro-D\u00fczeydeki \u0130hmal ve \u0130lerlemeler:<\/strong> Durkheim&#8217;dan sonra psikanaliz ve duygusal ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131nda ilerlemeler (\u00f6rne\u011fin Freud&#8217;un bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcrt\u00fcler teorisi) kaydedilmi\u015f olsa da, Durkheim&#8217;\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00e7eyrek y\u00fczy\u0131l sonra bile psikanalitik verilerin toplumbilimsel verilerle ba\u011flanmas\u0131na \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterilmedi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>4. Psikoloji ile \u0130li\u015fki:<\/strong> Durkheim&#8217;\u0131n toplumbilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klama \u00f6nerisi, ruhbilim ve toplumsal ruhbilim (sosyal psikoloji) \u00f6nermelerine kar\u015f\u0131t olmay\u0131p, onlarla birbirlerini tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 niteliktedir. Durkheim, ruhsal etkenlerin ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini yads\u0131mak yerine, ruhbilimcilerin toplumsal yap\u0131 etkenini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eden tutumlar\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>5. Kuram\u0131n Kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ba\u011flam\u0131nda Di\u011fer Ak\u0131mlar\u0131n Eksikli\u011fi:<\/strong> Eserin kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temel nedenlerinden biri, hem liberal toplumbilim ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n &#8220;mikro-sosyoloji&#8221;ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, hem de Marksist toplumbilim ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bireye ve bireysele d\u00f6nmeyerek durgun ve dogmatik makro \u015femalarla yetinmesi olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bu, Durkheim&#8217;\u0131n \u00f6nerisinin, intihar olay\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klama yolunda &#8220;h\u00e2l\u00e2 ba\u015fvurulacak tek kapsaml\u0131 ve dizgeli \u00f6nerme&#8221; niteli\u011fini korumas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8220;\u0130ntihar&#8221;, sosyal bilimler literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lamaz bir yere sahiptir; zira Durkheim, en \u00f6zel bireysel eylemi bile d\u0131\u015fsal, kolektif ve zorlay\u0131c\u0131 bir toplumsal g\u00fcc\u00fcn sonucu olarak g\u00f6stererek, sosyolojinin alan\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz bir bi\u00e7imde geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir. Eser, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan toplumsal sorunlar\u0131 (kurumsal i\u015flev bozukluklar\u0131) anlamak i\u00e7in toplumsal kurumlara ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine odaklanman\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulayarak, teorik derinli\u011fini ve g\u00fcncelli\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r. Durkheim&#8217;\u0131n bu eserini bir laboratuvar deneyine benzetebiliriz: Durkheim, toplumsal laboratuvar\u0131nda intihar oran\u0131n\u0131 dikkatle g\u00f6zlemleyerek, bu oran\u0131n bireysel etkenlerden de\u011fil, toplumsal ortam\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yo\u011funlu\u011fundan kaynaklanan bir &#8220;buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131&#8221; oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlar. Bu bas\u0131n\u00e7 (toplumsal e\u011filim), d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez olsa da, bireysel hayatlar \u00fczerinde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir ve sabit bir zorlay\u0131c\u0131 etki yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Emile Durkheim\u2019\u0131n &#8220;\u0130ntihar&#8221; isimli eseri ilk olarak 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l toplumbilimcileri aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olan, toplumbilimin me\u015fru varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan ve intihar olgusunu inceleyen bir ba\u015fyap\u0131tt\u0131r. Eserin en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fc, y\u00fcz y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcre ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen h\u00e2l\u00e2 a\u015f\u0131labilmi\u015f bir kuram sunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Eserin analizi ve ele\u015ftirisi, Durkheim&#8217;\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ve metodolojisi \u00fczerinden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[118],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-478","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kitap-elestirileri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/478","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=478"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/478\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":481,"href":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/478\/revisions\/481"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=478"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=478"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sosyolojikalan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=478"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}